Ethical And Ethical Aspects Of Ethics - 2114 Words

Ethical Profile Ethics is an area of study that deals with concepts of what is regarded to as wrong or right (Brown, Harrison Trevino, 2005). This paper will focus on how I think through and determine what is wrong and right in my daily life. It will also give examples of ethical behaviors and how cultural heritage has shaped my values. Further, it will describe the nature of four ethical behaviors I have. In addition, it will identify a noble hero that has served as my role model as well as their characteristics. It will further describe how this hero has influenced my value system. Moreover, it will explain my implicit ethical decision-making style including how this course and my cultural heritage have served as influential factors.†¦show more content†¦In addition, they are very religious people hence good morals. The best part is that they did not obey these rules just because they were required to. Instead, they did it with zeal and passion that pervaded home with intense conversatio ns about conscience and the choices we make in life. My parents taught me the importance of making the right choices. As a child, I was aware that decisions can be of value as well of harm, and espousing different possibilities of the decisions we make was a very great foundation for me. I have never been afraid of making mistakes, but I dread the thought of making choices unconsciously. Worse, making decisions without taking others into consideration or understanding whether whatever I am about to do is for the best. From an early age, my parents taught me to consider how my decisions will affect the people around me. My father was always against unconscious decisions made based on personal agendas and security. I believe in doing what is right because that is what has to be done for the best course of action. To distinguish what is right from wrong, I first subconsciously analyze the consequences of the act in question. I take into account how many people around me will be affected and to what extent. If the probability of the occurrence consequence in action is very low, I follow my instincts as to whether the action is wrong or right. Afterward, I will critically evaluate the outcome of this which, I will use for future decisions.

Essay Writing and Backwards Brain Bicycle Free Essays

What Does Essay Writing and Backwards Brain Bicycle Have In Common Essay writing is a must when you are going thru college. You have to write a lot to get through College, and if you want to go further with academia, you’re going to have to write a lot more than ever before. The more you learn the more you’re going to have to write, and essays are never going to stop. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Writing and Backwards Brain Bicycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you have a hard time writing essays, you may want to look into the Backwards Brain Bicycle by Smarter Every Day experiment by Destin. You might be confused, I know, so let me explain. Source: YouTube You must be wondering what does Backwards Brain Bicycle have anything to do with Essay Writing. Well, this Backwards Bicycle is going to help you understand a little better about how to write a first class essay OR dissertation. Well, by applying what you learn in this short 7 minute interesting and entertaining video, you will realize how we think one way, but then this Backwards Bicycle helps you understand the reality and how to make adjustments according to your new reality. So, why is it impossible to ride this Bicycle unless you practice daily? To find this out, I encourage you to watch this short, but useful 7 minute video by Smarter Every Day. Everyone Learns How To Write Just like a Bicycle The thing about the Backwards Brain Bicycle is that it helps remember how things used to be. In general, you know the expected outcome from your Bicycle. For example, if you turn the handlebar to the right, you know it will turn right. If you turn the handlebar to the left, you know the expected outcome which is that Bicycle would turn left. In this experiment, Destin challenges himself by switching things up a little bit. Essay writing in College is no different. Even though you have been writing ever since you were a child, given the new challenge and Writing Assignments you will have to think differently. The same writing that you did early on in school or even high school is now seems much more difficult. The reason why it gets harder to Write in College is because you have to relearn how to write in a certain manner. You may not get that at first glance, but things get a lot more progressive. This is where the Backwards Bicycle starts to show you the new world and how you need to get accustomed to new reality. Backwards Brain Bicycle challenges you to learn how to ride a bicycle even though people claim once you know how to ride a bicycle you never forget it, but by changing things a little bit, you can see how this can quickly become a difficult task. Writing in College vs. writing early on OR if you have gone for higher studies to another country is no different. This new challenge is going to take some time to master. So, how long does it take? But what if you changed things up In this example, Destin the Engineer changed the Bicycle by switching the handlebars. Now when someone would want to turn right, the wheels would need to turn to left and vice versa. That meant that riding this bicycle, you’d have to intuitively change how you maneuver. You could not turn left, in order to turn right. It was a constant battle and it took this Engineer 8 months to learn how to ride this NEW Bicycle properly. Meanwhile, quite interestingly this Engineer proved that when you don’t have to unlearn and relearn you can get this done much more quickly. He asked his 6-year old son to ride the same exact bicycle and he could do the same thing in only 2 weeks. That’s right, it took his 6-year old only 2 weeks instead of 8 months to ride the backwards bike. Writing for College and adjusting to your new College life is no different as compared to writing early on in your childhood. Writing Is Not Always Linear When you write an essay, you may think that you have to write things out in a linear form. You start with an introduction then you write about the topic, and then you provide a conclusion towards the end. But that’s not always the case. As you learn how to write a College level essay, you may find that there are opposites that you need to work with. For instance, you’ll need to write an outline. You cannot get anywhere without an outline. You need to focus on what you want to say, a thesis, and then structure it in a skeleton to write points about. If you do not do this, and you just rely on the knowledge that you had previously, you’re not going to go very far. Writing an essay requires more than knowledge, it requires understanding. There’s a difference here that many students and adults do not get at first. You can write often, but if you don’t know how to illustrate your knowledge in a complex manner, writing long form, then you don’t really â€Å"understand† things. Regardless of the topic, you’re going to have to have an understanding of the larger principles and information that you’re working with. The subject matter you are going to be writing about has to be engraved in your mind, and you need to illustrate that through writing which may include paraphrasing Essays. The Bicycle itself, can be easy to learn, but if you switch the format of how to ride, your brain could cause problems as you’ll want to focus on the biases, and comfort zones of your memory of learning. Writing Requires New Habits The reason why children can learn things faster is because they don’t have biases, and they don’t have habits that are already formed through the practice and education attained through school. They are still learning, and therefore they will be able to mold into a new parameter of writing, and expression. Adults do not have that ability because they have a set standard they are following. Many people that write essays have a certain style. They know certain formats, and stick to them. While many professors are akin to grade well in these endeavors, you will need to know more about how to change on the fly. How to avoid plagiarismWhat if the assignment requires MLA formattingThen changes to Chicago Manual of StyleWhat if you’re supposed to write an essay that is about an opinion, or a review of a book or text of large quantities of informationWhat if you have to write something that is persuasiveThese are all different types of essays, and if you’re only accustomed to writing using â€Å"one† style, you will falter. Mind Over Matter To change your mind, you will need to focus on a different form of learning. Instead of relying on what you already know, you have to refocus and readjust in way that might be difficult. Essay writing is very much the same. Every new essay that you create, has to bridge the gap between yourself, the reader, and the academic lesson that you’re trying to convey. Whether you’re writing for academic purpose OR writing for your workplace, you have to focus on how the audience is going to use your information. You cannot just rely on the past methods, and structures. You’ll need to create a different path, much like the Backwards Brain Bicycle. T The backwards bicycle worked out, but it took time to rethink and relearn the biases of the brain. That is the same as essay writing. The more comfortable you are with writing, the more you need to relearn and redirect. If not, your writing is going to fall short, and end up too linear, which is not going to work while presenting complex ideas. How to cite Essay Writing and Backwards Brain Bicycle, Essay examples

Importance of Studying Group Communication-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about Group communication and emotional intelligence, self-talk and assertiveness. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to present a report on reflection analysis in two main areas of study. That is, group communication and emotional intelligence, self-talk and assertiveness. These areas are very important in facilitating effective communication in business. In that connection, the reflection analysis with relate my experience in different aspects of communication in business. For a business to undergo growth and development (Thomas, 2009 pp. 67-82). The level of communication applied is very important. In that case, properly framed communication will enhance formulation of strategies so as to initiate the process of growth and development. On the other hand, poor ineffective communication will limit development of ideas, options, strategies, decision making and judgment. In such a case the process of growth and development in business will end up stagnating. Similarly, emotional intelligence, self-talk and assertiveness contribute equally to business growth and developmen t. In order to generate a conclusive and comprehensive reflection, it is important to consider each event at a time. Group communication Typically, a group may comprise sport teams, families, committees, work teams and friendship circles. In that connection, group communication involves communication that takes place among different people with a common agenda. Individuals may belong to several types of group provided the agenda under consideration is common. Groups take a very big role in determining the quality of life an individual lives today. For this case, we are reflecting group communication in terms of business. A lot of work and many of judgments and decisions that shape a business depend on actions taken by a particular group. Group communication is very relevant because it influence the way people experience and understand business. In addition, the study on group communication assist in understanding how groups operate in the process of influencing society and individuals (Thomas, 2009 pp. 67-82). Furthermore, study of group communication can result and influence different types of innovation such as prod uct innovation, process innovation, marketing innovation and technological innovation. To understand how group communication work, it is important to have a clear definition of a group. A group is not a mob or a crowd. Again, a group is not an organization neither is it an interpersonal pairing of two individuals. The question we need to ask from the above distinguishing factors is, what is a group? For the purpose of group communication, a collection of people become a group if and only if the members forming that group share a common goal, create identities for members and the group, they hold expectations over each member in terms of participation and belonging to the group. Members also form a group if they can influence each other through development of tactics and strategies in order to control each other and maintain the group. Function of group communication The role played by group communication has wider capacity of determining the level of business growth and development. This is because, group communication involves sharing common goal by a team of members. Every member aims at providing the most appropriate idea that will be incorporated in business operations (Ryan Deci, 2017 pp. 93-112). For this study, group communication can be defined as the messages that are exchanged by group members regarding business operations. These messages may be in form of verbal or nonverbal. Either way, they form the conclusive set of messages that can be encoded and decoded by different group members (Dann Dann, 2007 pp. 179-185). These messages are very significant to groups because group members are in a position to participate in business operations and maintain the identity of the group. Another important contributions of group communication include ability to determine goals and objectives, motivate participants as well as contributing to bus iness unity. Group performance is also facilitated through group communication. Different questions about group communication may arise so as to critically understand the importance of group communication. Such questions can be formulated as follows: How would team members share information regarding decision plan? How group members build relationship on who to involve in critical process of business growth and development? How group members make viable decision for business growth and development? How to create team spirits so as to initiate intrinsic motivation? These question provide a clear reflection of group communication since these messages reveal the duties and responsibilities deployed to specific members in the group. Group communication is very significant because messages decoded and encoded contribute highly ion making group decisions, conflict management as well as establishment of rapport necessary to propel the group during difficult circumstances (Reece and Walker, 2007 pp. 179-185). In addition, through continuous exchange of messages, it is possible to shape what the group will be and what can be accomplished in the long-run. Importance of studying group communication Group communication is very important in challenging folk wisdom (Marshall, 2013 pp. 69-85). This is because group discussion results to polarization of opinions. In that case, this information is useful to me because group communication tend to appear correct. In that connection, some group members may exaggerate their opinions so as to offer the highest possible formulation. I tend to understand that some of group communication may not initiate the best decision making process due to exaggeration made by some members. It is therefore very important to consider opinions offered by some members in finality so as to come up with the most reliable and feasible decision (Krugman, Obstfeld Melitz, 2012 pp. 113-123). This point changes my thinking about group communication. As long some members are not genuine about their opinions, then group communication may not achieve the most remarkable changes in business growth and development. Emotional intelligence, self-talk and assertiveness This is another event that need to be reflected so as to determine their contribution to communication in business. Emotional intelligence is a process where individuals have capability to recognize emotions. This can be their own emotions as well as those of others. It is also known as emotional quotient (Holmes, Hughes, Mair Carlsen, 2015 pp. 7-25). It enable individuals to discern between different emotions and feelings. This process involves application of emotional information so as to enhance thinking and behaviors. It also involves management and adjustment of emotions so as to adapt to surrounding and achieve goals and objectives. In this paper, I reflect conceptualization and conceptual evidence so as to support emotional intelligence, self-talk and assertiveness. For the case of self-talk, the concept relates to action of talking to oneself mentally, loudly or silently. Typically, this is referred as positive self-talk. This concept is interpersonal skill. In this paper, emotional intelligence is linked with capability to resolve logical problems by use of intelligence quotient (Hitt, 2014 pp. 119-125). According to intelligence of researchers such as Gardner and Moran, there are several emotional intelligence that can be incorporated in business communication. They include musical intelligence, spatial intelligence, interpersonal intelligence and natural intelligence. Importance of emotional intelligence, self-talk and assertiveness This concept is very important in business communication and individuals need to understand the basic principles applied in this concept. Ability to use emotional judgment in decision making process is very significant (Hausman, 2007 pp. 111-117). Therefore, in order to promote assertiveness and emotional intelligence, different companies offer training programs so as to enable individuals in making feasible decisions in business communication. This is because, emotional intelligence is not always inborn. It can be developed through training of individuals. Moreover, considering self-talk and assertiveness in business communication, individuals are able to initiative positive self-talk process so as to generate ideas and opinions. If I relate this concept with my working experience, I realize that some ideas are purely developed through emotional intelligence. Therefore, individuals are required to use assertiveness and emotional intelligence to make viable decisions (Fletcher, 2012 pp. 29-45). There are some business communication that require personal assertiveness and emotional intelligence rather than depending on group communication process that take a lot of time to initiate. The new insight about group communication, emotional intelligence, self-talk and assertiveness depend on what information the business need to achieve. The hypothesis to be tested in this case is underlined on the motive of business communication (Dann Dann, 2004 pp. 9-15.). Therefore, the positive side of emotional intelligence is to assist individual widen the concept of intelligence. My reflection on this is to assist individuals to be assertive in communication since assertiveness is based on balance. It is also based on winning. In balance, assertiveness require an individual to be forthright about needs and wants. If an individuals are assertive, then they are self-assured, firm, fair and empathy. In terms of winning, individuals do what they base as best interest without regard for issues such as desires, feelings, needs and rights. Conclusion Business communication is very important and individuals need to understand how group communication, emotional intelligence, self-talk and assertiveness contribute to business communication (Daft, 2015 pp. 79-85). From my reflection, my way of thinking changes in terms of business communication. When dealing with decision making and judgment, group communication is important since different group members can offer individual contributions and opinions towards business growth and development. On the other hand, there are some cases where emotional intelligence, self-talk and assertiveness can be applied rather than group performance. I lay down my reflection on what need to be followed based on what a business aim to accomplish. This will collectively determine the most appropriate path to follow. References Daft, R.L. (2015) Management. South Western College Pub. Pp. 79-85. Dann, S., Dann, S. (2004)Strategic Internet Marketing. Brisbane: John Wiley Sons. Pp. 9-15. Dann, S., Dann, S. (2007) Competitive marketing strategy. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education. Pp. 179-185. Fletcher, F. (2012) Business Problem Solving. Routledge. Pp. 29-45. Hausman, D. M. (Ed.). (2007) The philosophy of economics: An anthology. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 111-117. Hitt, M.A. (2014) Strategic Management: Concept, Competitiveness and Globalization. South-Western College Pub. Pp. 119-125. Holmes, K, Hughes, M, Mair, J Carlsen, J. (2015) Events and sustainability.1st edition. Abingdon: Routledge. Pp. 7-25. Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M., Melitz, M. J. (2012) International economics: Theory policy. 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Pp. 113-123. Marshall, B. (2013) Accounting Information Systems. Australian edition. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia. Pp. 69-85. Reece, I. and Walker, S. (2007) Teaching, training learning: a practical guide. 6th ed. London: Business Education Publishers Limited. Pp. 179-185. Ryan, R.M., Deci, EL. (2017) Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford press. Pp. 93-112. Thomas, K.W. (2009) Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers. Pp. 67-82

The Amateur Scientist Essays - Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

The Amateur Scientist The Amateur Scientist I was on my way to work, when I started to read this interesting story and I don't deny that I was a little sceptical in the beginning. But the more I read, the more I wanted to know about this man and his unique ways to define Science. I finished reading it in about 15 minutes, it literally sucked me in. This is an attempt to analyze and explain to the "audience," what my personal point of view is regarding this great genius, great mind, great scientist Richard Feynman. Defined by his colleagues as the "The brightest mind since Einstein," he explains how he used everyday tools to make scientific discoveries. How he describes his methods in a simple way makes science enjoyable and understandable, even to the average reader. I enjoyed reading the essay entitled "The Amateur Scientist," by Nobel prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman (1918-1988). I found it to be very interesting and felt that Mr. Feynman was very thoughtful. Rather than explain in technical detail about his work in physics, Feynman instead related interesting anecdotes throughout his life, as a college student and graduate student at Princeton University, that gave to the reader an understanding of his work as a scientist. The writing won my attention because his stories about his youth and his days at Princeton fascinated me. He was always exploring his environment to learn new things about science, especially how things worked. Feynman's thirst for clever things to do and clever ways to do ordinary things were remarkable. One of the best anecdotes that illustrate this point, was his experience at Princeton detailing ants' behavior. Feynman was constantly searching for the connection between hypothesis and truth, so one day at Princeton he started to observe the ants' that were coming out on his windowsill. The experiment with the ants is a reflection of this man's mind, always in search for an answer. In this anecdote Feynman explains how, with only a bit of sugar, and a couple of pieces of paper, he was able to find out many things about ants' behaviors. Feynman compares his study on the ants with the same kind of "experiment" he performed in Brazil, observing leaf-cutting ants. The author pointed out that, although the Brazilian ants seemed to be smarter, there are still some affinities with domestic ants. It is remarkable how Feynman discovered that ants have no sense of "geometry," the goal of his experiment was to determine whether or not ants have some kind of communication and if they have the ability to find their way back where the "food" was. In another part of the essay, Feynman describes how he passed his time in the "lab" when he was a young man. He enjoyed playing, building motors, and using whatever he had at his disposal to satisfy his curiosity as "scientist." Then he describes how, firsthand, with only an old microscope and a lot of patience, you can observe and find out things that are not reported in books by people who presumably, had studied the subject. "These books always simplify things so the world will be more like they want it to be." It was then that Feynman decided to observe the paramecium, under different circumstances, and discovered interesting things, which were not reflected in what books said about these microorganisms. The point is that no matter what the science's books teach, you must always look for answers yourself to satisfy your thirst of knowledge. Beyond being a collection of instructive anecdotes, there is something genuine to learn from Feynman essentially, that you can make your way through life, especially if you are curious to discover. I think many of us believe this to be true, but understanding it and doing it are very different things, and Feynman showed us how to use one's resources, and how to get the best out of them. Despite being a theoretical physicist, Feynman also spent a lot of time on understanding how things really work, and on making the perfect link between the theory and reality. The "darning needles" or dragonfly story is an example of Feynman's methods. He read in a book that dragonflies don't sting, and accidentally he found out, at his own risk, that what the book said about these "darning needles" was accurate. Feynman pointed to the fact that people do not properly explore phenomena they encounter, arguing that scientists have the responsibility to search for the truth. This essay is a terrific exploration of one man's experience discovering the world of science in an enjoyable way.

Roots Journal essays

Roots Journal essays The first chapter of Roots was interesting. It laid down the setting and started with the birth and ceremonial naming of Kunta Kinte. It showed how deeply rooted in ceremony and tradition the Mandinko people were. There is a definite line between the roles and duties of men and women. There is also a definite role for the elders. They use lots of stories for lessons. I like the story about the crocodile and the boy that grandma Yaisa told Kunta when he was little. I thought it was cool that they were Muslim. Everything was very spiritual in their lives. Why do all African men sleep in different huts than the rest of their family? This seemed strange to me and was never explained. I liked how the children respect the elders. The first days that Kunta was out herding goats reminded me of my own uncertainty when I started high school. I thought it was really cool when the fathers gave all the boys of Kuntas kafo their slingshots. I had a slingshot as a toy. For the boys it was for survival. Their entire childhoods were geared toward becoming men and taking care of the village. I liked the way Kunta sometimes daydreamed. It reminded me of myself. I really liked how the relationship between Kunta and his brother Lamin developed. It really changed both of them. It gave Lamin a father figure and it gave Kunta responsibility, and pride and satisfaction. It seemed like in almost every chapter, Binta was pregnant with another child. I kinda liked how Kuntas two uncles were these great heros and adventurers but I wish they were in the story more. They were hardly in the story. It showed how Kunta came from a great family. The father/son trip between Kunta and Omoro was really cool and then later the trip between Kunta and his brother was just the same. It was surprising how far Kuntas determination to please his father and the elders went. It seemed like it ...

Learn How to Tell Time in Italian

Learn How to Tell Time in Italian The simplest way to inquire about the time in Italian is by using the verb essere: Che ore sono? Che ora à ¨? – What time is it? You can use the above sentences interchangeably when asking about the time, but when responding you will always use sono le unless you are talking about 1 p.m. in the 12 hour clock (à © luna) or mezzogiorno and mezzanotte: Sono le diciassette. – It is the 17th hour or 5 pm.È mezzogiorno. – Its noon. Be Polite But even better, if you want to be polite add an excuse me into the mix: Mi scusi, che ora à ¨? – Excuse me, what time is it?Mi scusi, che ore sono? – Excuse me, what time is it? The two questions have the same meaning and basic structure. The difference is that the first uses ora à ¨? (is it now?), while the second uses sono le? (is it?). Both uses are perfectly acceptable, but the first conveys a slightly greater sense of immediacy. Useful Vocabulary: Morning, Afternoon, Evening and Night To indicate a.m. add di mattina: Sono le 11 di mattina. – It’s 11 in the morning. To indicate afternoon add del pomeriggio (12 noon to 5 pm): Sono le 2 del pomeriggio. – It’s 2 in the afternoon. To indicate evening use di sera . This period of time changes with seasons but it usually sits between the afternoon and the late night, from 5 pm to 9 or 10 pm: Sono le sei di sera. – It’s 6 in the evening. To indicate night time use di notte (10 pm to early morning): Sono le 3 di notte. – It’s three in the morning. Must-Know Vocabulary Words Additionally, there are a number of important words and phrases to know in relation to telling time in Italian. Heres a brief list with their English equivalents: Una mezz’ora (A half hour):Mamma arriva tra mezzora. – Mom arrives in thirty minutes.Un quarto d’ora (A quarter of an hour):Ho bisogno di un quarto dora per farmi una doccia. – I need 15 minutes to take a shower.A volte (Sometimes):A volte mi prendo un caffà ¨. – Sometimes I buy myself a coffee.Due volte al giorno (Twice a day):Passeggio al cane due volte al giorno. – I walk the dog twice a day.Tutti i giorni (Every day):Io vado al gym tutti i giorni. – I go to the gym every day.Ogni tanto (From time to time):Ogni tanto visito la mia zia in Chicago. – From time to time I visit my aunt in Chicago.Mancano cinque minuti alle... (It’s five minutes to...)Mancano cinque minuti alle 3 pm. – Its five to 3 pm.A che ora chiude? (What time does it close?):A che ora chiude la piscina? – What time does the pool close?A che ora apre? (What time does it open?):A che ora apre il panificio? – What time does the baker y open?A che ora comincia? (What time does it start?):A che ora comincia il film? – What time does the movie start? Reminder Dont forget that the 24 hour clock usage is widespread in Italy and most parts of Europe. In short, 1 p.m. is expressed as 13:00, while 5:30 p.m. is 17:30. An appointment or invitation for 19:30 is meant for 7:30 p.m. But the 12 hour clock is well known and everyone will understand when you use it. Finally, the months, as well as the days of the week in Italian, will give you more vocabulary and broaden your skills in the language.

Conflict Resolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conflict Resolution - Research Paper Example This paper attempts to explore some of these ideas pertaining to conflict resolution. Conflict resolution is ‘any marked reduction in social conflict as a result of conscious settlement of issues in dispute’ (Schellenberg 1996). This definition makes use of two terms: conflict and dispute. This implies that conflicts need to be resolved to the extent of resolving dispute-causing factors because dispute, which is disruptive and detrimental to an environment, is a product of conflict. Dispute is also tougher to handle and can lead to long-term ill-effects. Therefore, resolving conflict is necessary. Uncontrolled conflicts have a number of repercussions. In the workplace, these can lead to higher costs, wasted time and resources (Dana 2001), negative energy in the environment, lower morale and productivity. Apart from this, this causes frustration among employees who will feel compelled to take some rash action to dispel this frustration. Conflict needs to be managed through communication. Aggression, which is traditionally thought to aggravate conflicts, can be a great bargaining tool for conflict resolution (Aurelli & Waal 2000). For example, when two parties are arguing over a matter and a conflict has occurred, the threat of aggression ‘in the form of punishment’, say the writers, can precipitate resolution. Different cultures and different relationships have their own characteristic styles of conflict resolution. For example, in families or personal relationships, it is common that the group relies on a single person, who acts as an ‘expert’ (Ladd 2007), to make the decision for everyone based on his knowledge, age, experiences or position. In colleges and schools, informal conflicts are resolved by the girl or boy who has the strongest personality and takes the role of the expert over others; formal conflicts are resolved by the administration. In workplaces, conflicts are resolved based

Strategic Management Accounting Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management Accounting Master - Essay Example As organizations have a decision-support system in place for continuous evaluation of their market position, business strategies and competitive analysis, there is a need for improved techniques for evaluating the same at regular intervals and SMA is one such tool that is increasingly being used as an appropriate tool for mangers to gauge the strategic position of their company and enhance it continuously. The issues related to the use of SMA and its resulting effectiveness is also studied and evaluated. It is seen that the use of SMA can be uniform for a set of similarly operating businesses which aids in the decision-making process of these businesses and hence this technique can be generalized and applied for a group of businesses with similarities in operational strategy. Strategic Management Accounting (SMA) has been defined by different authors in different perspectives. However, it is found that it serves the common goal of supporting the decision-making in any organization. Smith (2005: 15) observes that managers need to "take strategic decisions in a variety of areas like corporate strategy, competitive strategy and operational strategy". It boils down to the more mundane tasks of the manager to understand and make key strategic decisions on a regular basis to ensure profitability and sustainability of the business. Strategic decisions related to the corporate strategy include decisions as to what profile of business the company needs to be in, what products it should roll-out, the pricing of these products, the procurement, development and manufacture of the same, along with the operational strategy of the organization for enabling the business and its smooth running without being run over by competitors. This requires the managers to effective ly equip themselves with the cost and income of the activities involved and the net profit from these activities on the whole. Further, these activities of the organization are to be ensured to be in-line with the "organizational goals, the mission statement, objectives, operational strategies and the performance measurement" (Smith, 2005: 15). Smith defines SMA as "an integral part of the establishment of a decision-support system providing information to decision-makers" while Drury quotes Innes definition of SMA as "the provision of information to support the strategic decisions in organizations and Cooper and Kaplan's definition as it being a technique to support the overall competitive strategy of the organization, principally by the power of using information technology to develop more

Sex, Vampires and the Fascination with Bloodsucking Essay Example for Free

Sex, Vampires and the Fascination with Bloodsucking Essay Vampires have long fascinated the world, from their ability to change forms often times transforming into a bat, fog, or other creatures, and their charismatic and sexual nature which has not only seduced literature in Bram Stocker’s Dracula but has also been the outlet of the movie going audience in such films as the adaptation of Dracula in movies such as Blade, Monster Squad, Interview with a Vampire, and the series of Dracula films. The following paper will explore this fascination with Dracula, and vampires in general, paying attention to not only the novel Dracula but the mainstream movie going audience as well as the subculture that exists of vampires. Two main themes of the vampire will be explored in this paper: that of immortality, and of seduction. In the idea of forgetting one’s identity the concept of a vampire is a great iconic figure by which to catalyst the role of the double identity. It is with these two things that the vampire, as a literary character, a movie icon, and a subculture holds the interest of the general population. Body In Bram Stocker’s rendition of vampires in the character of Count Dracula there are certain elements which have become part of the increasing myth and fascination of vampires. Stocker’s character was very enigmatic, however, this did not mean that John was not attracted to this mystery. The idea of stealing someone’s life force, and of the willingness at times that Dracula achieved this feat is part of the lure of the vampire, â€Å"The lust that they portray on the movie screen, the woman gladly greeting the vampires lips with her own, then bending her head to the side so he can bite the tender flesh of her neck. What a marvelous image that seems, enticing us, and repelling us at the same time. Who among us can say for a moment that we did not find that fascination in the mystery of the vampires arms? † (Gottberg 2006). It is with Count Dracula’s charm that the readers become intrigued by the vampire, and his ability to beckon his victim while at the same time having to hold up to a code of ethics. These ethics are also part of the fascination and they are usually including the following characteristics and elements of a vampire: only permitted to come into a house or dwelling after being requested to do so by the owner, only sucking blood that is still warm from the blood pumping through the heart, having an allergic reaction to garlic, sunlight and anything holy, ability to shape shift, extreme sexuality. It is with this last part that the true fascination with vampires hinges. The sexuality of the vampire is accustomed to a smooth tongue, charming people into getting what they, a type of bending of the will of the victim, and their immortality. Especially with this element of immortality, there seems to be a certain gift and curse involved with it because the vampire trades so much in order to gain immortality which is never being able to see sunlight again, and having to feed on human or animal blood to survive. However, despite these gifts and/or curses, the in the original legend of Count Dracula as perceived by Bram Stocker, the Count is able to at once almost haunt the conscious mind of his victim John while at the same time enticing him to become part of the vampiric world. The ability of a vampire to bend a victim’s will, so much so that the victim becomes a willing participant in the bloodlust is how the mainstream media or movies, are focusing their plot outlines. Vampires are becoming a subculture which allows a person to be completely sexual, willing, and to crave blood while at the same time embracing their ‘curse’, as the fascination with vampires persist the question becomes not why does a vampire need blood to stay alive, but there is a more interesting equation involving sucking someone’s life force which in turn gives one the ability to live forever (excluding certain circumstances involving exposure to UV rays, black lights, garlic, holy relics, and a stake through the heart). Thus, the fascination of mainstream movie going audience and the more intellectual reading of a book becomes not an intrigue into an occult but rather that more alluring of attributes of the vampire: immortality. It seems that John in Dracula was not so much duped into becoming an occupant of the Count’s castle, his slave, his blood supply, as he was wanting to learn the Count’s trick of living past the status quo dying age. Thus, John realized that the Count needed blood in order to maintain his life, his charm, his intrigue, his health, and his strength, â€Å"The blood is the life, or so it is said in the vampire culture. Many cultures have included sacrifice, blood letting, and drinking of blood in their worship, so it is really no surprise that our fascination would continue. Even in biblical times blood was important for sealing covenants and sacrifice. So impotent was the blood that God forbade it to be drunk. † (Gottberg 2006). Not only in the aspect of immortality, of man’s desire to cheat death at any cost, especially as the legend goes, to give his soul as a vampire is said to do (hence the aversion to anything holy) but there is a definite sexual drive in vampires that is further seen in Stocker’s Dracula. The view of the Count as he seduces Mary is one in which a man/vampire becomes a part of his victim, sucking her blood, allowing one of the most intimate parts of her to become a part of him, to in fact sustain his life. Thus, it is not sex alone that entices her to allow the Count to ‘enter’ her through the neck, but it is the need, the primal need for life, that makes their relationship one of complete engrossment for her as well as the audience/reader, It is so many things. For many it is the ability to be so fully known by another, to be enraptured inside and out by one who could know every ounce of our being, know all we have ever done, and all we have ever thought, and still desire us more then anything. That was the mystery of Bram Stokers Dracula, a man who could listen to her deepest thoughts and travel the length of not only the world, but time itself to win her back. A woman who would stand by him, even against God himself. This is the true romance of the legend, the image that entices us beyond understanding. † (Gottberg 2006). Conclusion It seems then that this paper has explored two main points of the fascination with vampires, or Count Dracula, that is: immortality, and seduction. In these two elements the main stream culture of the movie going audience is enthralled as well as readers of Stocker’s work. These two main themes or characteristics of the vampire are what continually entice a person to read up on vampires, to watch movies, to delve into the darker realms of the subculture and to explore the idea of immortality, of sucking the life blood from a willing or even unwilling victim and to become so intrinsically a part of someone to know their thoughts, to know their heart beat, to depend on them for true sustenance, that it is no wonder that there remains, after hundreds of years, this verdant image of a charming man or woman in a cloak, knocking on one’s door asking permission to come in and to suck their blood. The idea of possession is a turn on for the subculture of vampires just as it was for Count Dracula; the kind of dependence on someone for a life force as well as the control the vampire has over their victim is what makes this subculture so fascinating and how it can attract the type of crowd that it attracts. Thus, the subculture of the vampire is not merely about bloodsucking but involves something quite animal and quite human about it; it involves allowing someone to take control of one as well as force control on another person, the turn on then becomes power through possession. Although critics might argue that the vampire is a lonesome creature, cursed to walk the earth for eternity, living without a soul, but with the rise of this as a subculture and the popularity it has attracted over the years, it seems that vampirism is becoming more mainstream as more movies are made glamorizing the sex appeal of vampires and the fact that eternity is the natural attraction of this subculture and the young are always attracted to maintaining their youth.The vampire victim is almost always willing. Work Cited Gottberg, C. Why a Fascination with Vampires. 2006. Online. Retrieved 5 November 2007. http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/110969/why_a_fascination_of_vampires. html? page=3

Computers :: essays research papers

Computers The Computer that you know these days is a small thing that sits on a desk in your room that is composed of a monitor, keyboard, mouse and a small box. But computers have changed so much that if you seen old computer you would never recognize it. The first computer was built in the early 17 hundreds. You probably heard that the first computer was made in the 1950’s but computers have been around for hundreds of years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All a computer is is something that calculates number. So these computers of the 1700’s were made from gears that worked together to make a answer. â€Å"In the nineteenth century, Englishman Charles Babbage designed a steam powered machine that could calculate square roots, cube roots and other exponential functions.† (1) The first computer was an abacus. â€Å"The Chinese abacus consists of a wooden frame divided into an upper and lower section.† (2) These are all computer that have been around 100’s of years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Latter in the 20th century the government started to work on a top-secret project. That was the birth of type of computer. Similar to your computer but still very vary different. You would probably still would have never have guest what it is. The computer had no screen and it was the size of a office building. This computer was programmed differently too instead of typing in to a computer they had to make cards with holes in it that stood for different thing for it to do. They first had to make a program for typing so that they could have a keyboard connected to it. But still that was not good enough they need a program so that they could use the keyboard program on the system. This is called a operating system. The operating system is a lot like windows, it’s what keeps your computer interactive with you. But at that time they didn’t have a operating system and had to create one. One of the first operating systems open to the public was DOS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The computer for years had been improved to smaller and smaller parts to run it faster and faster. Soon the computer was the size of a house. By then everyone knew about a computer. It was not until 1985 that the computer industry was able to take off and become one of the most important necessities in this world.

Midterm essay exam

Q#1: Regarding science and religion, what historically has changed? Explain. It is a fact that in history, science and religion are always having conflict with each other. This should not be the scenario since the history had proved that in the Western culture, there were two books entitled The Book of Nature and the Book of Scripture that was believed to be bought created by God. The history of science had been associated with many religious works. During the Middle Ages, there was a time that the Islamic countries had embraced the science of mathematics, and astronomy that was being turned away by the Christian Europe. The scientific teachings were based from the ancient Greek discoveries. The Islamic people consisting of Muslim scholars had done additional developments in the field of scientific teachings. However, in the thirteenth century the Christian Europe again had decided to embrace the scientific heritage. They were commonly called the Christian monks and Christian theologians. In the entire duration of the late Middle Ages and even in the Renaissance period, almost all the scientist was also the people who leads the church. As the history continued in the eighteenth century, more and more men of science were also deep believers of different religions. The church had also begun to take part in influencing the universities and all institutes that promote higher form of teachings. Schools for the trainings to become clergy and other church functionaries were also being established. An essential breakthrough in the seventeenth century which is called the â€Å"scientific revolution† had again involved men from the religious groups who were the great pioneers and founders of the renewed science. Almost all the science founders aimed that they could put harmony in their works in science and their obligations in their religion. Not until the start of the nineteenth century, this was the common thought of the scientist. The start of the nineteenth century up to these days had marked a notable change in the history of science and religion. The warfare for science and religion had started with the revolutionary book Charles Darwin entitled â€Å"On the Evolution of Species by Means of Natural Selection†. Many scientists had several views that pertain to the thought that religion is a great threat to science which was carried until these days (Faith and Reasons, 2007). Q#2: Discuss the importance of the circle as a symbol for indigenous religions. Circle as a symbol for the indigenous religions refers to the sacred space. The sacred space describes a magical ritual. The magical ritual is a practice that is being utilized in the Ritual Magic and In Wicca. The magical ritual came from the practices of the medieval magic and witchcraft. This symbol was shared by most of the folk magicians in many countries. The temple of initiation which is circular simply means that it is a representation of the universe is the main point of the Zoroasteric mysteries of Persia. In the circular temple there is a sun located in the east which is also represented as a circle that symbolizes the universe. A celebration in Athens termed as the great mysteries of Eleusis indeed given points that the circle is the symbolism for the universe. According to one of the officers from St. Chrysostom, the circular figure represented the sun. Moreover, in the Egyptian mysteries of Osiris also contains the sun as referred to the representation of the universe. They have this so called Sun-god who appeared into the Earth in the sun’s settings. The temple of initiation of the Celtic mysteries of Druids is also an oval or a circle. It is an oval because the circular temple of initiation represents the routinary egg which symbolizes the earth. Some temples of initiation of the Celtic mysteries is also circular aside from being oval because for them, the circular figure was the symbol of the universe. The temple of initiation sometimes is also built following the cruciform. The reason of the cruciform is that it represents the reference to the four elements. The four elements are commonly termed as the components of the universe. The use of the circle as an important symbol for the indigenous religions had only proven the many uses of the circle in the ancient times. Moreover, the many uses of the circle had also proven its universality as an important symbol in the ancient times (Emick, 2007). Q#3: What is the foundational core of Buddhist teachings? Explain. Buddhism is known to be a dharmic religion. It is also regarded as a philosophy. It is commonly known as the Buddha Dharma or the Dhamma. Buddha Dharma signifies the â€Å"teachings of the awakened one†. It was founded by Siddharta Gautama around the fifth century BCE. Siddharta Gautama was referred to as â€Å"The Buddha†. Siddharta Gautama had introduced the Four Noble Truth that was considered to be the fundamental core of the Buddhist teachings. The Four Noble Truth was a way for them to attain the bodhi and the termination of pain and suffering or what is commonly called the Nirvana. The first noble truth of the Buddhist teaching is the Dukkha. Dukkha is called the noble truth of suffering. The noble truth of suffering is a part of all the stages in the life of a person. Since birth until the death of a Buddhist, he experience suffering. Moreover, Buddhism principles are also centered with suffering. Sufferings in the life of a Buddhist include sufferings during his birth and aging. Having a disease or illness is also part of the Buddhist sufferings. The second noble truth is called the Samudaya which means that the sufferings in the first noble truth are solely caused by desire. The result of the sufferings is simply explained by the Samudaya. Expectations that are linked to the desires of a believer and most especially the attachment of the believer to the desires are the ones that explain the Samudaya (Boddhi, 2000). Nirodha is the third noble truth. It symbolizes the termination of suffering. As the sufferings had ended and were being forgotten by the Buddhist, these means that the understanding of the right meaning of the Nirodha had been inculcated in him. And in order for the believer to entirely forget and free himself from a suffering, he must be able give up and surrender the pains he had gone through. The forth and the final noble truth is the termination of the desires or what is called as the Magga. In order for the believer to get rid of his desires he must follow the Eightfold Path. The Noble Eightfold Path consists of the right view, right intention, right speech and right action. Right livelihood, effort, mindfulness and concentration are also included in the Noble Eightfold Path (Yamamoto, 2000). Q#4: What was the role of the Temple for ancient Judaism? According to the book of Chronicles, the First Temple was built in the 10th century BCE. This was built by King Solomon for seven years to replace the Tabernacle of Moses and the Tabernacles of Shiloh, Nov and Givon. These Tabernacles were also once the center point for the Jewish faith. The First Temple had symbolized the center of ancient Judaism. For the entire millennium, the First Temple had continued to be the central point for all the services done by the Jewish. As time had passed, the First Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586. After seventy years, it was again built by Cyrus the Great in 516 BCE. The temple had been the Second Temple. There are many roles of the in the ancient Judaism. During the time when the course of the bible of Hebrews was being carried out, the temple serves to be the place for offerings. The offerings include the daily and the morning ones. Offerings done on Shabbat and Jewish holidays which are considered special for the Hebrews were also celebrated in the Temple. During the course of the offerings, there will be a certain time when the Levites recite psalms. Psalms such as the Psalm of the Day and special psalms for the new month are the ones recited by the Jewish. The temple for the ancient Judaism is meant to be the model and recreation of the Garden of Eve. That is the reason while the courtyards of the Temple contained plenty of trees, flowers and fountains (Stager, 2000). For the Jewish, the temple is viewed as central or the focal point wherein rituals are done. It was then considered to be the only place wherein the creation of contact between men, women and the higher spheres were done.   It is the place considered to be the eternal dwelling place for the Jewish in order for them to do contact with the powers above them. Moreover, it was also a place which they believed the place where their gods have crossed in order to surpass their celestial environment to be able to descend on earth (Nibley, 1992). References: Bhikkhu Bodhi (2000). â€Å"The Collected Discourses of the Buddha: A new translation of the Samyutta Nikaya†. Somerville: Wisdom Publications. Retrieved July 27, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths#_ref-1   Emick, Jennifer. (2007). Your Guide to Alternative Religion. The New York Times Company. Retrieved July 27, 2007 from http://altreligion.about.com/library/texts/bl_symbolismfreemasonry17.htm Faith and Reasons. (2007). History of Science and Religion. Retrieved July 27, 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/intro/histo-frame.html Mackey, Albert. (2007). The Symbolisms of Free Masonry. The New York Times Company. Retrieved July 27, 2007 from http://altreligion.about.com/library/texts/bl_symbolismfreemasonry17.htm Nibley, Hugh W. (1992). The meaning and functions of Temples. Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Vol. 4. Macmillan Publishing Company. Retrieved July 26, 2007 from http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/temples/purpose.html Stager, Lawrence. (2006). Garden of Eve. Biblical Archaeology Review. Retrieved July 26, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem Yamamoto, Kosho. (2000) The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra in 12 Volumes (Nirvana Publications. Retrieved July 27, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths#_ref-1   

An Archery Test Rig Made Using Computer Aided Design

University Malaysia Pahang Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering Project Work Report Subject : Computer Aided Design Code : Bmm2613 Lecturer : Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib [email  protected] Edu. My Session/Semester : 2012/2013 Semester 1 Groupname : Group 3 ‘the Expendables' Project Submission Date : (Week 13) Report Due Date : (Week 13) Group Members : Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdima12060 Poo Suk Sengma11067 Amirah Fatin Binti Amranma12057 Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirolmc12033 Lee Sing Soonmg11008 Subject : Computer Aided Design Code : Bmm2613 Lecturer : Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib [email  protected] Edu. My Session/Semester : 2012/2013 Semester 1 Groupname : Group 3 ‘the Expendables' Project Submission Date : (Week 13) Report Due Date : (Week 13) Group Members : Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdima12060 Poo Suk Sengma11067 Amirah Fatin Binti Amranma12057 Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirolmc12033 Lee Sing Soonmg11008 Lecturer’s Declaration We hereby declare that we have checked this project and in our opinion this project is satisfactory in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering. Signature: Name of Supervisor: Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib Position: Lecturer in Computer Aided Design of Universiti Malaysia Pahang Date: 11 December 2012 STUDENT’S DECLARATION We hereby declare that the work in this project work is our own except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged.The project work has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree or even been used by other industrial or non-industrial company associated. Signature: Name: Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdi ID Number: MA12060 Signature: Name: Poo Suk Seng ID Number: MA11067 Signature: Name: Amirah Fatin Binti Amran ID Number: MA12057 Signature: Name: Lee Sing Soon ID Number: MG11008 Signature: Name: Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirol ID Number: MC12 033 Date: 11 December 2012 ABSTRACT This project work is about creating a strong design based on the topic given to us which is archery test rig.To achieve the project objective, the test rig structure must be design and suitable for place the archery testing apparatus. We need to develop tools that can test the efficiency in archery equipment. The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a main shaft and about 15–20 centimeter (6–8 inches) long fore shaft with a flint point. This led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern recurve and compound bow. These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery while traditional bows are in a minority.In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding. As we know, test rig machine that is use in industrial is very expensive in the market and some way need to be build by engine performance analysis based on functionality of power supply. Hence, our test rig been replaced with modern one where its materials very cheap and easy to find in market. Some sketches software had used like Solidworks to draft out the shape of our archery test rig.Materials selection also included in this designed process. Variable height and angle will be given at various speed by the stretch of bow’s string to see whether performance of archery will decrease or increase. Here, we can analyze at which arrow speed is the optimum of performance from this small mechanical. So, some losses like power and fuel can be decrease. AKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, the Most Benevolent and the most Merciful. All the praise and blessing be upon Prophet Muhammad S. A. W.. Every sincere appreciation and gratitude is only to God.Only by His Kindness and Guidance that this project work report is finally completed . In preparing this report, we have in contact with many people and academicians. They had contributed to ward my understanding, thought, and also guidance. In particular, we wish to express my sincere appreciation to our main lecturer, Mr. Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib for his valuable guidance, advice and continuous encouragement, constructive criticism and suggestion throughout this project. Without his continued support and interest, this project work would not have been the same as presented here.My sincere also extends to all our beloved family especially our parents, because if it’s not of their prayer and support we would not be here and done this project work. Moreover, we would like to thanks for all our colleagues and other who has provides assistance at various occasions. Their view tips are useful indeed in helping us to achieve doing this project. Because of their courageous, we can still stand to complete this project. Hence, to all people that direct or indirectly involve accomplishing our project that we were been sincerely thankful. TABLE OF CONTENTS PageSUPER VISOR’S DECLARATIONii STUDENT’S DECLARATIONiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv ABSTRACTvi TABLE OF CONTENTSvii CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION I. Objective II. Literature Review III. Market Survey IV. Comparison between Our Design and Current Design CHAPTER 2METHODOLOGY I. Plan to Design the Product II. Conducting the Solidworks III. Gantt Chart IV. Flow Chat CHAPTER 3RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I. Isometric View II. Assembly Part III. Orthographic View i. 1st Angle ii. 3rd Angle IV. Sectional View V. Discussion of Every Part VI. New Design Part CHAPTER 5CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES I.Design Scratching LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVITIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION I. OBJECTIVE i. To design small test rig for archery’s equipment game. ii. To test a performance of the test rig of the archery’s equipment efficiencies that is the bow and arrow. iii. Survey to mechanical engineering laboratories and also to shop market. iv. To design small mechanical te st rig using Solidworks software. v. To collect and select cheapest components and materials of test rig. vi. Trying to think of a cheap material and good quality to be used as the primary material in test rigs. vii.Design a multifunction test rig structure, means that, there are other components can be added in the future because of the extra spaces. viii. To conduct a simple analysis of the design of the test rig and to set up the full design in Solidworks. II. LITERATURE REVIEW i. INTRODUCTION This chapter will briefly explain about basic concept of archery’s test rig, foundation of test rig performance testing, the importance of test rig performance testing, development of test rig performance testing, principle of jack and a few related studies and journals that have been done by current researchers.All this information is important before furthering to the analysis and study later. ii. BASIC CONCEPT OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE Archery test rig performance characteristics ar e convenient graphical presentation of archery test rig performance. They are constructed from the data obtained during actual test runs of the test rig and are particularly useful in comparing the performance of one bow and arrow with that of another. In this section some of the important performance characteristics of the test rig are discussed.It is to be noted that there is a certain speed, within the speed range of particular length of string stretched, at which force applied that is the length of string stretched will be the maximum. At this point, the maximum speed can therefore be exerted on the bow. For all practical purpose, the spring constant or bow capacity to do work also will maximum at this point. As the speed of the arrow is increased above this speed the quantity of the indicated time will decrease. However, the work output of the test rig increases with the speed due to longer length is executed per spring stretched.It should be note that the external air resistan ce will continue to increase with increased arrow speed until some point is reached where the air resistance almost can be negligible due to rapid movement of speed per second. Test rig are so designed that the maximum speed applied point is reached within various angle and height of the test rig. Increase in speed applied means that the increased targeting can be added per unit time increasing the work output. iii. FOUNDATION OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE TESTINGTest rig performance is really a relative term. Normally it is represented by typical characteristic curves which are functions of testing at some variable of some situation and for our case is archery game. The term performance usually means how well a system designed is doing its job in relation to the input energy or how effectively it is provides useful work in relation to some other comparable industrial test rig machines. Most of the testing of test rig for their performance characteristics takes place under laboratory cond ition.The test rig is connected to a mechanical-based devices such as jack, spring and usual lift up mechanism by lifting the height of the steel in particular joint part. However, the performance characteristics of work, speed versus string stretched, degree of angle, height of devices of bow and arrow are recorded. There are so many types of industrial test rig used but using automation to quickly perform measurements and evaluate the test results. Principle that we used is mainly just simple mechanism that involve physics law and design it using Solidworks software.Our design of test rig operation is to allow the casing the arrow to swing freely with various variables that we figure out in this evaluation. The reaction string stretched various length, L, which is exactly equivalent to the speed measured on a level speed per time, ? , from the line section of the bow there are angle elevated, ?. The height of the test rig also can be organized. This restrains the attach casing of bow’s holder from revolving, or the speed and work would not be affected. Then, there are several factors that must considered in evaluating the performance of the test rig.Most of them are maximum work or speed available at each length string stretched within the useful particular of variable. iv. THE IMPORTANCE OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE TESTING Today the most common power source is the well-known in industrial test rig machine. This type of test rig machine has been the choice due to efficient and accurate result in testing equipment for an example. For out invention may become natural choice due to low cost and portable properties. The portable characteristics shown may be easy because does not any electrical supply due to mechanical works only use in our test rig and easy to moves by just man-power.Industrial test rig machine as we know it today is not able to comply with future emission demands due to its massive cost and power used not very appropriate for some minority f ield. However, in the future manufactures must come up with new cost-efficient test rig technologies that still deliver the same or improved performance for customer satisfaction. III. MARKET SURVEY Test rig is an apparatus used for assessing the performance of a piece of mechanical or electrical equipment. In our case is to assessing the performance of archery’s equipment that is the bow and arrow.The experiment can be undergoing when we test how far the arrow can shoot in such length per time in particular length of string stretched. Example of test rig used in industrial field: * Aircraft Research Association – Wind Tunnel Testing Facility at Bedford, UK. Detail design for the upgrade of their existing transonic wind tunnel. * Rolls Royce – Aero Engine Test Facility at Derby, UK. Design, supply and site installation of a range of specialist fabricated gas catchers for use while testing jet engine reverse thrust. * Babcock Marine – Devonport Naval Docky ard at Plymouth, UK.Provision of test facilities to allow training of key personnel involved in the nuclear submarine decommissioning programmed. As an addition, from a long-term perspective, the most important sector linking Turkey to the global economy is manufacturing. The share of manufactured goods in the total exports of Turkey increased from 37% in 1980 to 93% in 2009. Increase in the volume of foreign trade between 2002-2008 is also remarkable. $87 billion volume of foreign trade in 2002 rose at an annual rate of 25%, to reach $334 billion in 2008, $243 billion in 2009.This shown that test rig machine is very important to test some equipment. In archery manufacturing, the efficiencies for the bow and arrow to working simultaneously to shoot the longest with accurate moment and high speed is required for an excellent product. Platts is a leading global provider of energy and metals information and the world’s foremost source of price assessments in the physical energy markets. Since 1909, Platts has enabled the markets to operate with transparency and efficiency, and helped traders, risk managers, analysts, and industry leaders make better trading and business decisions.Platts Report: The aluminum alloy market – strong but beset with uncertainty – examines in detail activity throughout the sector and beyond, in Europe, the US and Asia over the past few months and helps bring focus to the outlook of Q1 2012. Comparison of Al and steel Global Aluminum Market to Reach 71. 2 Million Tons by 2018, According to New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. GIA announces the release of a comprehensive global report on the Aluminum markets. The global market for Aluminum is forecast to reach 71. 2 million tons by the year 2018.Major factors driving growth in the Aluminum market include increasing demand for the metal in developing countries, lower per capita consumption of Aluminum in emerging markets, increasing applications of Aluminum in various sectors, increasing regulations in the automotive sector that are driving use of Aluminum, and recovery in demand from end-use segments post-recession. Asia-Pacific represents the largest regional market for aluminum worldwide, as stated by the new market research report on Aluminum. China and India are emerging as the major drivers of global growth in consumption of aluminum.Europe represents the second largest regional market worldwide, followed by the US. Growth in the global aluminum market is projected to be driven by the Rest of World market, which includes the Middle East and Africa. The regional market is projected to post a compounded annual growth rate of 11. 1% during the analysis period. Extruded Products represents the largest market segment for aluminum. However, Rolled Products are projected to spearhead growth in the global aluminum market. Our suggestion is strongly to use Aluminium alloy as a material for our test rig. The characterized by a relatively low density (2. g/cm3 as compare to 7. 9g/cm3 for steel), high resistance to corrosion in some common environments. Our test rig is showing portable properties that allow this to be use even in hot field, including the ambient atmosphere it can resist form corrosive oxygen content in natural environment. Many of this alloys are easily in the process of fabrication virtue to high ductility. The mechanical strength of aluminium can may be enhanced by cold work and by alloying with another metal or non-metal. Aluminum Alloy Product Description Specifications: Tensile Strength(psi): 83000 Yield Strength(psi): 72000Elongation(%2†³): 11 Hardness: 158 IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN OUR DESIGN AND CURRENT DESIGN In Figure above that is the advance industrial test rig machine for testing the car door system. Basically our design is inspired by above design but more less cost and in simplify form. We eventually make a portable test rig that can be brought to any places. Testing facilities and test r igs come in many forms and are used within a broad spectrum of industries. They perform a variety of key functions from product validation through to the training and development of operators. The benefits from our design of test rig: ) The material used is easy to find in market and very popular in making of industrial machine. We are suggesting aluminum alloy due to high strength that is more mechanical properties shown in steel. b) Complete bespoke design and supply of unique test rigs to suit individual archery player specified requirements. c) Modification and upgrades to existing test facilities. d) Specialist components for integration into new test equipment. e) Shop assembly and proving of specific test rigs. f) In recent years we could have successfully completed a number of high profile projects involving test equipment. g) Globalization. ) Ongoing liberalization of international financial and commercial system. i) Foreign investors’ being directed to the fields ac celerating technological-social dynamics in archery. j) Rapid development and increase in effective use of information technologies and innovation. k) Technological developments. l) Increase in the size and purchasing capacity of domestic market. m) Richness of renewable and alternative energy sources. n) Development of competitive new business models. o) Development of institutionalization and corporation culture. p) Coming into prominence of the partnerships between countries. ) Increasing importance of added value product production, quality and efficiency of archery’s bow and arrow. r) Increasing of the information based (producing and utilizing information) competitive advantage. s) Increasing demand for new, high-quality and different products in the global markets with low cost. t) Contribution of the positive developments related to environment and climate changes to the competitiveness. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY I. PLAN TO DESIGN THE PRODUCT The actual construction was v ery similar to the preliminary design. The end test rig, when fully assembled.The mechanism is the height can be change by requirement of user. There are two blocks that are used for joints of supporting another holder of the arrow as well as the traction rope length u bow in the spring in the valve use to draw and release the bow string when want shoot. The angle of the bow can also be changed by using the ball and socket as our knees. There is another part that supports the ball and socket is attached to one of the blocks that support the horizontal position of the bow string pullers. The height of this test rig can be changed under by jack at the bottom part of the test rig.Jack with rotor will be rolled over by man-power only and it will lift the top part of the test rig. In the preliminary design two supporter were described below in our drawing, master spring switch length and a socket and ball joint in that can joint the bow with the spring switch length . In the actual desig n, these 2 parts were combined into a single part switch that also has a pull/push holder- feature. Many features were added to aid in the setup and tear down of the test stand. The upper part and the lower part both have straight plane that come in contact with the base, and at each of these points there is a single ? n bolt. At the base of each upper 2 block supporter and after the jack assembly there are plane quick that can be disconnects which allow them to be separated from the rest of the structure. The electrical connection is not exist at all in this test rig. All these features allow for the test stand to be assembled and disassembled in approximately 10 minutes. Actual Test Rig Picture shown below: Door testing for its joints and locking setup Testing. Small testing setup installed on seats for complete cycle testing of all for doors of the car.Calculation of door closing and opening speed with the accurate door displacement by servomotor. Reports and data can be visualiz ed on remote PC outside Car. The torsion fatigue test rig (TFTR) was constructed to experimentally characterize the fatigue behaviour of materials that fail due to oscillating shear stresses. It consists of a base, hydraulic rotary actuator, and torque cell. Given the horizontal configuration of the rig, light weight mechanical adapters were designed to interface with the torsion bar specimens to minimize the interference of bending moments on the tests results.The adapters are essentially custom designed collet fixtures with base flanges for mounting, and they use off-the-shelf collets and clamping nuts to retain the specimen and transmit torque. Tests are generally carried out in torque controlled mode and the prescribed torque levels/amplitudes are controlled through commercial software. In this case of our test rig, the speed can be evaluated by the length of string stretched in such angle specified. The height also can be determined in such way by jack illustrated mechanism.Our design of test rig operation is to allow the casing the arrow to swing freely with various variables that we figure out in this evaluation. The reaction string stretched various length, L, which is exactly equivalent to the speed measured on a level speed per time, ? , from the line section of the bow there are angle elevated, ?. The height of the test rig also can be organized. This restrains the attach casing of bow’s holder from revolving, or the speed and work would not be affected. Then, there are several factors that must considered in evaluating the performance of the test rig.Most of them are maximum work or speed available at each length string stretched within the useful particular of variable. V. FLOW CHART Report is for draft and design. While Presentation is about the whole work Report is for draft and design. While Presentation is about the whole work List the needed material List the needed material Study and gather information Study and gather information Des ign & Sketching Concepts Design & Sketching Concepts YES YES NO NO MODIFICATION MODIFICATION SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE FINISH FINISHPRESENTATION PRESENTATION FINAL REPORT FINAL REPORT FINAL DISCUSSION FINAL DISCUSSION ANALYSIS ANALYSIS BRIEF DISCUSSION BRIEF DISCUSSION MARKET SURVEY MARKET SURVEY DESIGN & SKECTHING DESIGN & SKECTHING LITERATURE STUDY LITERATURE STUDY START START VI. GANTT CHART ACTIVITIES| WEEK 1| WEEK 2| WEEK 3| WEEK 5| NOTES| Group division| v| | | | 3 Design must be prepared| Briefing about project design| v| | | | -| Re-do design and lecturer’s approval| | v| | | Get lecturer approval| Do some literature review| | v| | | -| Gather information| | v| | | -|Start doing Solidworks| | | v| | 3 part is separated| Progress report| | | v| | -| Make presentation slides| | | v| | Slides for final presentation| Finish final report| | | v| | -| Present project| | | | v| -| VII. CONDUCTING SOLID WORKS 3 persons assigned to handle this Solidworks. Our des ign is also divided into three phases. The first phase is the jack, the second phase is the ball and socket that is used to change the angle position of the bow, and the third phase is parking bow string, pull and position of the spring in the valve.Isometric view, orthographic view, and sectional view is provided in our report. Assembly part is use to sketch this design. There are about more than 15 parts that have been assembly together in this design. The overall view we put it together in isometric vie. All the dimensions is in mm with the scale of 1:50. Information about the assembly and its components is limited in Large Design Review. Most of the capabilities in Large Design Review mode are limited versions of existing SolidWorks capabilities. Snapshots are available only in Large Design Review.While an assembly is open in Large Design Review, it can make changes to its components. The uses Filter Modified Components to visually indicate which components have been modified. S elective Open and related tools are available on the Large Design Review tab of the CommandManager. These tools let to set some or all components to resolved or to lightweight. The Large Design Review tab of the CommandManager provides access to commands so can be use when open an assembly in Large Design Review mode. Parameters refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or geometry of the model or assembly.Parameters can be either numeric parameters, such as line lengths or circle diameters, or geometric parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric, horizontal or vertical. Numeric parameters can be associated with each other through the use of relations, which allows to capture design intent. Features refer to the building blocks of the part. They are the shapes and operations that construct the part. Shape-based features typically begin with a 2D or 3D sketch of shapes such as bosses, holes, slots, etc. This shape is then extruded or cut to add or remove material f rom the part.Operation-based features are not sketch-based, and include features such as fillets, chamfers, shells, applying draft to the faces of a part, etc. Building a model in SolidWorks usually starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D sketches are available for power users). The sketch consists of geometry such as points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define the size and location of the geometry. Relations are used to define attributes such as tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.The parametric nature of SolidWorks means that the dimensions and relations drive the geometry, not the other way around. The dimensions in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships to other parameters inside or outside of the sketch. In an assembly, the analog to sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch relations define conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with respect to s ketch geometry, assembly mates define equivalent relations with respect to the individual parts or components, allowing the easy construction of assemblies.SolidWorks also includes additional advanced mating features such as gear and cam follower mates, which allow modeled gear assemblies to accurately reproduce the rotational movement of an actual gear train. Finally, drawings can be created either from parts or assemblies. Views are automatically generated from the solid model, and notes, dimensions and tolerances. CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS I. Isometric View II. Assembly Part III. Orthographic View i. 1st Angle ii. 3rd Angle IV. Sectional View V. Discussion of Every Part The body part is main part of the test rig. The body part is the support side of the test rig and as a connector.It holds the baton together with joint so that that joint clamp can hold it together stable. The joint is very important is in this test rig also because it is the main part that contains spring that will stretched inside it when baton is pulled by its holder that stuck the bow string in it. Joint clamp is functional in changing the position of the arrow angle. It can be measured 0o until 180o. This is may suitable for some player that plays with their bow arrow in such rare angle. The baton is part that joint in with the joint and the joint clamp. At the surface of the baton there is a hook that is used for the string to be put.The spring is used for the pulling the baton when want to launch the arrow in such speed and length the string being put in particular section hook. There are 4 section of hook that can be put the bow string. The base is eventually for the supporting the whole structure especially the jack. Link is used for linking with the hydraulic jack. Support part is for the hydraulic jack and as a base to put the body of the test rig. Connectors used in this test rig is just screw rod, side supporter screw, base screw, and long screw. This act as same functio n that is to connects part tightly. Free Body Diagram (FBD) VI. New Design PartSINGLE CAM TUNING: Arrow spine can affect the high/low ripping of the paper test for one-cam bows. In 2007 World Target Champion instructed us that weakspined arrow shafts out of his Mathews bow, the name of the bow will tend to tear nockhigh when paper testing. The stiffer spined shafts will tend to show a low nock tear through the paper. That’s one reason why some bow setups continue to tear nock high no matter where you adjust the nocking point location – the arrow is acting weak and needs to be switched for a stiffer shaft. This is why our test rig can produce many variable and can be added in improvement plan in future.ADJUSTING FOR LEFT AND RIGHT ARROW TEARS: Correcting arrow flight for nock-right and nockleft tearing traits through the paper is more difficult than correcting for up and down. An arrow tears left or right because its spine is not properly matched to the bow system. (Rem ember, we already eliminated arrow rest contact. ) These adjustments are numerous and don’t always get results if the arrow isn’t the proper spine or something major is wrong with the bow system. I remind you again that this is not a perfect world and you should not beat your head against the wall trying to get a perfect hole.Close is good especially if the vane slices through the paper are crisp and all test shots produce the same hole. A little high-left or a little high tear, less than a half inch from 8 yards, is very acceptable and tells you that the arrows are flying well. All that remains is to shoot for groups from some distance that matches the archer’s ability level. Our design that has 4 section of hook is very useful because force is very important in shooting the arrow. Furthermore, no power supply is used by our machine makes us tend to do it different section to differentiate how far can the arrow go when it is shoot form different section.CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS There is a significant volume of literature covering methodology and approaches to selecting indicators of sustainable development. There is certainly no shortage of suggested ‘criteria’ for indicators and it has been possible to combine the oft-quoted lists to form a comprehensive overview (box 3). Similarly, several engineers mutually advocate adopting a framework to provide a coherent, consistent and structured process to indicator selection. However, there is an apparent gap in the literature in terms of the actual application of indicators, successfully or otherwise.This suggests that more often than not the process of selecting indicators – from deciding which indicators to adopt, to how many and whether/ how to aggregate and communicate the results – can become so lengthy and complex that the implementation and reviewing of indicator data is never achieved. It seems all too easy to get hung-up on finding the ‘ perfect’ indicator, but as Bakkes (1997) describes, indicators compromise between relevance, scientific validity and measurability and will often have to be ‘optimally inaccurate’.Therefore, aspiring to achieve the best available indicator is far more efficient in practice. Whilst the process of selecting indicators is intrinsically important to successful implementation, and indeed a valuable learning experience in itself (Bell and Morse, 2003), it is important not to lose perspective. Indicators are not an end in themselves but a means for communication and to assist the policy and planning cycle. Bell and Morse (2003) explicitly argue that to date, very poor, if any relationships between indicators and policy change have been demonstrated.They quote Reid’s (1995 in Bell and Morse, 2003: 50) analysis of why: a lack of awareness of the issues; political unacceptability of many actions; opposition from entrenched interests; and inadequate institutional res ponses. Therefore, it is important to be aware of these potential barriers when designing indicators and to ensure that monitoring them is seen as an integral part of the planning cycle, rather than a routine data collection that is not part of the institution’s decision making and learning cycle; hence ensuring that â€Å"energy [is] directed towards achieving sustainability, not just measuring it† (DSCWG, 2001).Furthermore, the cyclical, ‘feedback’ nature of indicator selection and implementation should be upheld. Just as policy needs to react to indicator data, the indicators also need to be flexible to adjust to possible changes in policy priorities and objectives. Developing a reliable and useful set of indicators that truly reflect the multidimensional nature of sustainable development is clearly a complex task.However, â€Å"if sustainable development is one of the tourism industry’s major contemporary objectives, then the industry needs to be able to measure its performance and impacts in this area† (Ko, 2005:432); undertaking this process, through adopting a framework to selecting indicators and acting upon their results, is worth the time and effort required to get it right. The implementation of the Annotation project has clearly demonstrated the concepts underlying the system to be entirely feasible, with, of course, the previously mentioned alterations and reservations.The Moderation subsystem required the use of authentication methods, currently under investigation within the JISC project umbrella at this time, in order to be realistically implemented. Several authentication projects under development will soon become available; using any such suitable project, it is possible to enable an implementation of the moderation system in the real world. Amongst other applications, annotation could also be considered as searchable metadata. This would permit a wider reach for site or content searching mechanisms. During this roject, the idea was considered, but constraints due to the design made it impractical —the definition of the project stated clearly that, as a completely independent service, its existence or otherwise should not in any way influence the operation of the resource finder. As such, it would have been inappropriate to link the Resource Finder’s operation to the annotations. As an example scenario, one might imagine a researcher who reads a paper in a given context and, whilst annotating the document, drops a reference to several other resources r concepts. A researcher searching on one of these associated concepts may therefore be referred to this article as a consequence of the annotation; in this way, one might imagine that searching ’backwards’ from annotation information may provide, perhaps surprising, and perhaps useful associations. While doing this project we realize that potentially it came from us the developing our strength to become more knowledgeable in this real-life world. We are exposed to the market survey, the material used and the important thing is to design something.At last, to wrap up this conclusion with a question, introduced as a statement; the possibilities provided by the storage of annotation metadata are certainly wide enough. Annotation metadata alone is a potentially rich resource; when combined with other information, such as contextual background information, the possibilities are endless. Applying contextual information, for example, could help the sorting through search terms to locate more relevant resources. What other metadata exists that could contribute to the usefulness of an annotation? REFERENCESI. Global Industry Analysts, Inc. , (GIA) http://www. strategyr. com/Aluminum_Market_Report. asp II. â€Å"Commission on Growth and Development. 2007. â€Å"The Growth Report,† Washington, D. C. III. Rodrik, D. 2007. â€Å"What does China export? China and the World Economy IV. w ww. disability. wa. gov. au V. Learning Guide  © 2009 The University of Adelaide VI. DavyMarkham – Products – Test Rigs VII. NaRec – Wind Turbine Test Facility at Blyth, UK. Design study VIII. End of Project Report, by Gregory J. L. Tourte, UKOLN,The University of Bath, August 2003 IX.

The Individual and Ethnicity Choice

The Individual and Ethnicity Choice Introduction Recent analysis of international affairs paints the picture that the world is embroiled in age-old ethnic conflicts. Proponents of this notion contend that people from different ethnic groups harbor deep hatred for one another, and are only restrained by modern civilizations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Individual and Ethnicity Choice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They predict that, in the future, either the modern states will break up into smaller ethnic groupings or great civilizations will rise against each other (Gurr 43). However, the general agreement is that modern regional conflicts can be attributed to cultural differences and affective ties of tribal groupings. This notion does not foresee a situation where diverse people can coexist. In fact, most ethnic conflicts do not result from ethnic diversity; rather, these conflicts are often fueled by the struggle for power and sca rce resources such as land. This implies that in talking about ethnic conflicts, the assumption that ethnic identities are age-old and unchanging may be misleading. In other words, contrary to this assumption, ethnicity or race is a creation of contemporary politics that denies some people opportunities and gives others access to resources and power (Gurr 44). Cultural or religious differences have not, by themselves, resulted in ethnic conflict. Moreover, in modern times, culturally different people have learned one another’s cultural behaviors and have even intermarried, hence blurring contrasts between ethnic groupings. Contemporary Situation of Ethnic Conflicts In modern times, there is a common notion that ethnicity is age-old and often presents itself as ethnocentricism particularly in governance. In Eastern Europe, the current conflicts portray various ethnic groups as having strong nationalistic tendencies, which can only be suppressed by an autocratic government. In contrast, in the Western world, the American ‘melting pot’ suggests ethnicities are fast disintegrating while Eastern ethnicities must be suppressed by the autocratic leadership (Gurr 118). In former Yugoslavia, the Bosnians, Croats, and Serbs are different ethnic groupings, which, historically clashed from time to time over resources. However, due to intermarriages, the differences between these currently warring communities are actually so small. The Bosnians, Croats, and Serbs all speak Italian language and have coexisted in peace for a long time. Although these ethnic groups profess different religions-Serbs being mainly Orthodox, Croats being Roman Catholic and Bosnians being predominantly Muslim-still, each ethnic group comprises of considerable numbers of each religion. This, coupled with high rates of intermarriages, has blurred the differences between these groups.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, it is clear that the cause of the current Balkan wars is not fueled by ancient religious and ethnic differences, but rather by the contemporary politics, which rally individuals around nationalistic ideologies. In this regard, ‘ethnicity’ is packaged as ‘nationalism’ in the pretext of gaining access to resources, land, and power. The Serb and Croat leaders advocated for a right to self-rule in nation states. Serbs on their part wanted to expand outwards and include other ethnic groups (Horowitz 77). Croats on the other hand held a different nationalistic ideology, which promised to keep out non-Croats. In this view, different nationalistic ideologies are factors that fuelled the massacre of Serbs during the Second World War and in the 1990s. The Effect of Colonialism The origin of ethnic conflict in Eastern Europe is different from that of Africa. African violence is not fueled by conf licting ideologies, but rather by ancient warfare between tribes that was propagated by the colonial powers (Horowitz 51). Ethnic conflict in Africa can be defined by four factors, namely; membership ties in a group, prejudice towards non-members, fear, and expectations about resource allocation. Ethnicities produce affection for in-group members, where the members prefer their â€Å"own† and exclude or discriminate against non-members (Gurr 87). Often, discrimination arises because of these strong in-group ties and loyalty. Usually, people have a positive social relationship with in-group members. A close relationship exists between the positive feelings between co-ethnics and the prejudice or fear for ethnic strangers. According to Horowitz, â€Å"contemporary politics breed fear and prejudice, which ultimately determine political behavior,† (91). In contemporary politics, politicians often use fear and prejudice against ‘out groups’ when seeking support from members of their race or tribe. In the United States, whites predominantly hold a social aversion to participation of blacks in mainstream politics. This stems from learned racist practices in the south. Past voting trends in the US, white voting behavior reflect an aversion towards blacks. In the African case, ethnic conflict, in the political perspective, is a product of the struggle over power and resources. True, in earlier decades, Africans identified themselves with their ethnic identity, or lineage. However, as people migrate to far places seeking for employment and trade opportunities; ethnic or racial identity has become less important (American Anthropological Association Par. 8).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Individual and Ethnicity Choice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Now, the conflict is rarely caused by ethnic differences but a struggle for scarce resources such as land, water and pastoral land. The colonial system determined that each person belonged to a particular ethnic identity within the colony. This meant that each had to belong or show loyalty to a particular African group. This was not restricted to Africa: in India, the British Empire promoted the Hindu nationalism where people identified themselves as either Hindu or Sikh. This later transformed to distinct ‘ethnic groups’ after independence. Other cases include the Maronites in Lebanon, Moluccans in Dutch and Karens in Burma where colonial states created groupings, which they christened as either ethnic or religious groups. Nevertheless, in modern times, the need for political autonomy, resources, jobs, and better livelihoods has become the new frontier for ethnic conflicts. Thus, age-old tribal loyalties have become less significant as people strive to attain better socioeconomic status. Ethnic Diversity and Conflict It is often assumed that ethnic diversity is the cause of ethni c conflict and political instability. To the contrary, ethnic diversity has less to do with tribal or racial conflicts. In ethnically diverse countries such as Indonesia and Pakistan, less inter-ethnic conflicts have been experienced compared to countries such as Somalia, Yugoslavia, and Rwanda that are relatively less ethnically diverse (Glenny 78). This indicates that ethnic diversity does not breed ethnic conflicts, but rather relationships of people relative to power that cause local conflicts. A good example is Indonesia. Indonesia is known for its suppression of political activism in East Timor (Glenny 85). This cannot be classified as an ethnic conflict, as the country has over three hundred ethnic groupings with distinct language and religion. In fact, the recent ethnic conflict has much to do with the struggle for control of local resources, specifically oil and gas resources. Ethnic diversity can sometimes affect national integration in most nation states. However, some co untries often succeed in fostering national integration while others fail. It all depends on the social cohesion policies implemented. In countries such as Rwanda and Burundi, where one ethnic group has been dominating over the others, avoiding ethnic conflicts requires concerted efforts to enhance national healing and reconciliation (Horowitz 86). Often systems where one or two major groups polarize regional politics are less stable compared to systems where smaller groups have an equal chance to participate in national politics.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An example is Malaysia where politicians established an all-inclusive political coalition that strengthened ties between diverse ethnic groupings, i.e. the Chinese communities and Malay people. In contrast, in Sri Lanka, the Sinhalese people formed a government, which, however, split into two ethnic factions, Tamils and Sinhalese, resulted in ethnic conflict. Political systems can also be modified to accommodate diverse ethnic groups and prevent ethnic tensions. In Nigeria, for instance, after the Biafra war in 1965 a new political system that curved the country into 19 states comprising of the major ethnic groups, Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba, was implemented (Horowitz 119). The states comprised of multiethnic coalitions, which helped to foster cohesion and avoid ethnic tensions. However, competing political interests resulted to excessive fragmentations, and subsequently the recurrence of ethnic tensions. It is apparent that negative stereotypes, prejudice, and fear of members of other groups are effects of contemporary political choices made by leaders. Conclusion Contemporary ethnic conflicts are not based on ancient cultural or religious differences. In fact, studies have established that ethnic diversity does not necessarily lead to ethnic conflict. The competition for resources causes ethnic tension and violence. In addition, political choices made by the leaders often cause intergroup tensions. Hence, leaders who develop perverse nationalistic ideologies cultivate hatred, which eventually breeds ethnic violence. American Anthropological Association (AAA). â€Å"Statement on ‘Race’†. 17 May 1998. Web.9 Mar. 2013. https://www.americananthro.org/ConnectWithAAA/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2583 Glenny, Misha. The Fall of Yugoslavia. New York: Penguin, 1992. Print. Gurr, Ted. Ethnic Conflict in World Politics. Boulder, Colo: Westview, 1994. Print. Horowitz, Donald. Ethnic Groups in conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Print.